Commom Errors Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Commom Errors - Essay Example I would have the understudy audit 8x9 and 9x8 just to guarantee that they understand that every issue has a similar answer. Next, understudy 2 has issues cutting down the best possible numbers upon the first round of deduction. This plainly is an aftereffect of scattering. Situation is vital in long division supposing that the understudy puts the remainder in an inappropriate spot, the whole issue is destroyed! The third understudy has lost the remainder from the beginning and along these lines demolished his odds for a right answer. This understudy too needs help with situation. He does, anyway have the repairmen close by along these lines is fit as a fiddle than the subsequent understudy. The most ideal approach to check the slip-ups made by the understudies is to work out the issue with them. As the understudy is checking on their work with you, you can gage whether the error was an opportunity occurring or whether the understudy genuinely isn't fathoming the undertaking. Have the understudy duplicate their mistaken remainder by the divisor and they will see it for themselves. Even better, after the understudy has seen his/her mistake after the endeavored augmentation of the remainder and divisor, have the understudy do the division issue with you and disclose their means to you as they do it. The most ideal approach to address the misstep introduced in the three referenced issues is practice, practice and more practice.

Freshman Fifteen English Paper Free Essays

First Draft The Future of America: Freshmen 15 Crisis As stoutness rates keep on increasing around the world, the U. S. sets a case of socially impacted weight issues and consequently positions ninth out the ten of the fattest nations, as indicated by the World Health Organization (Streib). We will compose a custom article test on First year recruit Fifteen English Paper or on the other hand any comparative point just for you Request Now School grounds in the U. S. are the ideal case of social weight gain. At Towson University, the enormous number of rookie picking up the cliché â€Å"freshman 15† can be clarified by poor eating and practicing propensities created in school and the university’s feasting alternatives. A great deal of approaching understudies come into school effectively mindful of what the rookie 15 is yet figure out how to create ghastly dietary patterns. An extraordinary method to help comprehend such an issue is to illuminate understudies about this medical problem that is just proceeding to prosper. To do this colleges need to step of to this across the nation concern and incorporate a wellbeing and health part to our Univ. 100 classes in which understudies will realize what they ought to eat and what propensities to dodge. In spite of what some hopeful specialists state, the green bean 15 is genuine. Some have contended that most first year recruits are improving their eating routine now than before; anyway we are as yet picking up around eight pounds every year (â€Å"Some†). It is hard to go from a controlled and routine timetable of eating and practicing at home to the free universe of decisions at school. In his ongoing work Daniel Hoffman, a teacher at Rutgers University, calls attention to that it is â€Å"perhaps generally significant for understudies to perceive that apparently minor and maybe even innocuous changes in eating or exercise conduct may bring about enormous changes in weight and muscle to fat ratio mass over an all-inclusive time of time† (Hoffman). The truth of the matter is that understudies are not venturing out from home arranged enough for the universe generally night pizza and utilization of liquor that portrays most students’ school years. In the event that a sustenance address or a sound way of life class were required for approaching understudies it would give another point of view on diet and wellbeing. Subsequent to turning out to be advised on the issue understudies can locate their own everyday practice of an even eating routine and an hour of activity for each day at school. On the off chance that understudies were educated they could begin exploring wholesome realities on what food they ought to eat and what time would best to devour it. Teacher Elizabeth Klasen from the University of Wisconsin demands this national wonder can be â€Å"attributed to dormitory food, and might be related with adjusted supper and rest patterns† (Klasen). Understudies are constrained after dozing unusual hours alongside eating undesirable food utilization at wrong occasions, making it hard to for them to eat less than 2000 calories or even exercise the suggested 15 minutes every day. It is hard to keep up a sound adjusted eating regimen on a school grounds that is loaded up with cheap food like cafes and limits understudies to just fifteen dollars of food daily, making the option of increasingly costly and more beneficial nourishments not a sensible choice. This bother of sound food and accommodation of shoddy nourishment was â€Å"all it took for first year recruits to increase seven pounds more than two semesters† in a 2006 Rutgers study (â€Å"Some†). For those understudies, the distinction between keeping up a sound weight and increasing seven pounds â€Å"was around 112 additional calories daily. That’s one pop or a large portion of a treat a day, or 10 minutes less of exercise† (â€Å"Some†). For example, to get a sound supper at one of Towson’s coffee shops, let’s state a pre-made plate of mixed greens, you need to pay six dollars and hold up in a mile-long queue. At that point, as you are remaining in that line you investigate and see a non-existent line for that cut of pizza and begin to ponder internally, Why would it be advisable for me to pay multiple times more for this serving of mixed greens and hang tight in line for 15 minutes when I just have 20 minutes until my next class, when I could go snatch that last bit of pizza? Sadly, school presents much more open doors for understudies to eat ineffectively, since most understudies keep awake until late to consider, do a minute ago schoolwork in the wake of dawdling throughout the day, or spend time with companions after a gathering. Regardless of whether undergrads know about what they are doing to their bodies, scientists realize that the â€Å"food eaten between 8 p. m. what's more, 4 a. m. [is] a main supporter of weight gain,† making the most dynamic piece of a school student’s day the most negative to his wellbeing (â€Å"Some†). One examination from the University of Wisconsin endeavors to clarify this marvel through â€Å"Night Eating Syndrome (NES), which is related with overweight and heftiness and includes utilization of over half of every day calories after 7 pm† (Klasen). What’s astonishing is that it is so natural to get food that late around evening time. In particular, Campusfood. com, a typical school food provider, gives choices for understudies to arrange 1000-calorie suppers conveyed advantageously to their quarters ventures at 2:00 a. m. The quantity of inexpensive food conveyance puts that open at such a late time is silly; these cafés are helping America gain the first year recruit 15 each pizza in turn. During the main semester of their first year in school, understudies will be distracted with numerous things, similar to which classes they will take, how well they will do in those classes, which exercises they need to give their opportunity to, which individuals they need to hang with, and whether they will have enough cash to do fun things off grounds (Gonzalez). Individuals who accept that school weight gain is a characteristic event contend that understudies need to concentrate on progressively significant parts of school, for example, their evaluations, making companions, and engaging in clubs, as opposed to investing energy stressing over a problematic generalization of weight gain. Nonetheless, the way that understudies are putting on weight is demonstrated. As the previously mentioned examinations appear, the rookie 15 is genuine, and it is influencing the lives of school green bean the nation over. Green beans are putting on weight as a result of dietary patterns they create during the main semester. Poor food choices do expand the odds of putting on weight. First year recruits do put on weight due to the accommodation and accessibility of undesirable food on grounds. The facts demonstrate that understudies should focus on grades and other school exercises anyway this isn't a reason to pig out and toss wellbeing worries out the window. Missouri Western State University did an investigation that indicated â€Å"higher GPA was related with less utilization of cheap food and higher GPA was additionally connected with the measure of dinners an individual skipped every day: the less suppers skirted the more noteworthy the GPA† (Costa). Evidently students’ grades are influenced by what they eat. The conviction that understudies ought not stress over the â€Å"freshman 15† in light of the fact that they should stress over their evaluations is wrong. On the off chance that understudies focus on eating great their evaluations will mirror their great propensities. The â€Å"freshman 15† is an expression that speaks to a greater quandary, on the grounds that isn't simply something that happens during the principal year in school. It’s not simply first year recruit putting on weight, sophomores and upper classmen do to. Specialist Elizabeth Lloyd-Richardson, right hand teacher of psychiatry and human conduct at Brown University Medical School did an investigation that â€Å"found understudies are tipping the scales at a few pounds heavier post-sophomore year† (Rosenberg). Awful dietary patterns and absence of activity start with first year recruits. Be that as it may, since nothing is done to address those propensities understudies proceed through the remainder of their school years and after. Wellness Director Stacy Trukowski is refered to by Rutgers University’s paper, Relations, saying, â€Å"Most individuals neglect to deal with their weight gain from early adulthood. Despite the fact that increasing a normal of seven pounds isn't as disturbing as 15, the pounds will without a doubt include over time† (Rosenberg). Sadly understudies see weight gain from the time they enter school to the time they leave. Trukowski credits this to â€Å"drinking and eating around evening time and way of life transforms they are not utilized to† (Rosenberg). With this proof of consistent deep rooted weight gain coming about because of propensities created in school, it is astonishing that universities are not successfully forestall this issue. This issue might be identified with increasing stoutness rates in America. Teacher Levitisky from the school of human biology at Cornell University found that â€Å"freshman weight addition could be a similar marvel that is adding to the pandemic of heftiness among all Americansâ€that a moderately little increment in calories every day or week has the aggregate impact of including a lot of weight over the years†(Land). Educator Levitisky’s study places into point of view how significant first year recruit weight gain is. Dietary patterns learned as green beans stay with them and are harder to change as years pass by. Colleges need to go up against this issue and take careful steps to help forestall future concerns. A course for approaching green bean to find out about the â€Å"freshman 15† and how to stay away from it would be an incredible initial step. Long Island University’s first year recruit College 101 course sets a genuine case of what could be utilized at Towson University. The course had an extraordinary proposition to show understudies by having sustenance correspondence understudies present data about first year recruits weight gain in a required direction class (Thomas). Since Towson University as of now has first year recruit Health 101 talk classes, the class ought to devote at any rate one day in the semester to eat less carbs and exercise instruction. Along these lines instructor could decrease the quantity of rookie putting on weight during the main semester. A U

How to Survive a Tough Semester

How to Survive a Tough Semester My schedule this semester is, to put it kindly, pretty challenging.01 alternatively: horrendous Because I switched majors, Im currently taking both  the course 16 sophomore core classes  and  the junior core classes. Pretty much everyone 02 my advisor, various course 16 professors, my friends, my parents, MIT mens heavyweight rowing volunteer assistant coach Aaron Baumgartener agreed that this would be hard, but I really would like to graduate on time, so I am simply doing it anyway. In many ways this is exactly what MIT is like; you need to do something, but it is very hard, but you really need to do it, and so you just do the very hard thing without wasting time worrying about how hard or stressful or impossible it seems. After an also-difficult sophomore year, here are some strategies Ive devised (and finally, this semester, stuck with) for succeeding in this horrible, awful, no-good, wonderful, amazing place: Sleep at least 8 hours every night.  1 extra hour of sleep 1 extra hour of psetting. I am much more productive, attentive in class, and enjoy my morning crew practices much more when I am well-rested. I wake up at 6 every weekday for crew practice, and Ive been getting to bed by 9:30 or 10 every weeknight, and by 11 or midnight on Fridays and Saturdays. This is painfully early for most MIT students, but trust me, its worth it. Eat 3 reasonably healthy meals each day, by cooking in advance at the same time each week. I usually buy breakfast (including coffee) and lunch, which I do not recommend.03 rip my bank account. again i do not recommend doing this, and justify it by working enough desk hours to have the $$$ to do this, and by not having a meal plan but having a schedule that doesnt allow for time to cook breakfast or lunch each day unless i bring a sack breakfast and lunch emwhich is like so much work/em Im not really a ~meal prep king~ like certain other bloggers, but I go grocery shopping every Sunday afternoon and cook something relatively easy for dinner 04 examples include: curry and rice, stir-fry, various spaghettis and pastas, burrito bowls, shakshuka, pizzas with store-bought crust for the whole week every Monday evening. This lets me do things like eat foods I enjoy that also contain vegetables, and sticking to this schedule has been working really well. Clean and do laundry at the same time each week. I have started doing laundry while I meal prep on Mondays, 05 hurray for multitasking and cleaning my room right after buying groceries on Sunday. In previous semesters, I would wait to do laundry until I was literally about to run out of clothes, and doing it weekly is actually much less stressful. Having a clean space, clean clothes, and clean sheets is very very nice and doesnt take much time to maintain. Go to office hours. This really should be #1 on the list. I have historically been reluctant to attend office hours,06 professors are scary! but my workload this semester has forced me into it. Starting a problem set ? getting confused ? going to office hours to ask for help ? finishing the problem set ? happiness and understanding the course material starting a problem set ? getting confused ? not finishing the problem set ? sadness and falling behind in the class. Also, saving time on psets gives you more time to go to bed at 9:30 pm! Go to class.  This shouldnt need to be said, but turns out going to lecture is very useful for understanding the course material. Source: was sick and out of class for a few days, concept quiz scores suffered, can confirm lecture is important Take a night off every once in a while.  I have lots of class 07 sometimes, i have lab from 1-5 on friday, in addition to various lectures from 9-12, which i honestly believe should be illegal on Friday, up until 5 pm, at which point I promptly turn off my brain for the next few hours and hang out and watch TV and play games08 board and/or video and eat junk food with B entry, or hang out with someone else,09 perhaps...a certain very cool recent MIT alum or call home,10 not as often as I should, sorry Mom :( or all three, and do absolutely no work. I also try to do something else fun and off campus11 off campus is key on Saturday or Sunday, whether its paint night or a movie or going to Harvard to eat and window shop or just a bike ride. To summarize, simply become a reasonably well-adjusted adult and follow the advice your parents/guidance counselor/freshman advisor/someone may have given you upon arriving at MIT. Its a bit embarrassing that its taken me two years to do this, but ¯\_(?)_/ ¯ On that note, here is my calendar with just my classes, desk shifts, and crew practices:12 alternatively, the normal one that i actually use And, purely for illustrative purposes, as I do not actually put things like sleep or mandatory fun on my calendar, here is my calendar following the recommendations above. Theres still plenty of time to study13 haters will say the white space is actually just equivalent to my 28 hours of work outside of class time per week, and to that I say, desk time is pset time and do homework and bake14 biiig shoutout to MIT Challah for Hunger and see friends and live life: And one last, parting, thought: Remember that you chose MIT, and its tough but interesting classes15 and also sports, UROPs, other extracurriculars, etc are why you are here. I am here because I want to be. I choose to wake up at 6 for crew because I love my team and love the sport. I chose to take this (challenging) schedule, and I could have picked a major that was easier to finish, or stayed in course 6 doing the bare minimum graduation requirements, or taken time off, but I didnt! My classes are hard, but theyre interesting. I spend a lot of time studying or in lecture or in lab or at the boathouse, but I sleep enough and eat enough and go outside enough and you can too. Say fuck it and do something hard, take care of yourself in the process, and find joy where you least expect it.16 sophomore fall would probably be where you least expect it, but junior falls pretty close! Bonus post-credits17 marvel has really raised the bar on this one homework playlist:18 i am aware we already made you one; in fact, i contributed. however, i love nothing more than inflicting my music taste on others. enjoy slowly transforming into a pretentious indie dude as you listen to this. one of us! one of us! one of us! you are now wearing a neutral milk hotel t-shirt. Twin Fantasy is the best album of all time, you say. welcome. alternatively: horrendous back to text ? my advisor, various course 16 professors, my friends, my parents, MIT men's heavyweight rowing volunteer assistant coach Aaron Baumgartener back to text ? rip my bank account. again i do not recommend doing this, and justify it by working enough desk hours to have the $$$ to do this, and by not having a meal plan but having a schedule that doesn't allow for time to cook breakfast or lunch each day unless i bring a sack breakfast and lunch which is like so much work back to text ? examples include: curry and rice, stir-fry, various spaghettis and pastas, burrito bowls, shakshuka, pizzas with store-bought crust back to text ? hurray for multitasking back to text ? professors are scary! back to text ? sometimes, i have lab from 1-5 on friday, in addition to various lectures from 9-12, which i honestly believe should be illegal back to text ? board and/or video back to text ? perhaps...a certain very cool recent MIT alum back to text ? not as often as I should, sorry Mom :( back to text ? off campus is key back to text ? alternatively, the normal one that i actually use back to text ? haters will say the white space is actually just equivalent to my 28 hours of work outside of class time per week, and to that I say, desk time is pset time back to text ? biiig shoutout to MIT Challah for Hunger back to text ? and also sports, UROPs, other extracurriculars, etc back to text ? sophomore fall would probably be where you least expect it, but junior fall's pretty close! back to text ? marvel has really raised the bar on this one back to text ? i am aware we already made you one; in fact, i contributed. however, i love nothing more than inflicting my music taste on others. enjoy slowly transforming into a pretentious indie dude as you listen to this. one of us! one of us! one of us! you are now wearing a neutral milk hotel t-shirt. Twin Fantasy is the best album of all time, you say. welcome. back to text ?

The Effects Of Tea Polyphenols On Oxidative Damage And...

c. Second-Hand Tobacco Smoke And Children contains multiple internal citations, and it also has four references pages. For example, Qing C, Chen P and Xiang X, who are Chinese scientists at the Zhong Nan Da Xue Xue Bao Yi Xue Ban of China. Effect of tea polyphenols on oxidative damage and apoptosis in human bronchial epithelial cells induced by low-dose cigarette smoke condensate is another study that has be conducted by those three experts. Since the university is so well known in China and they have other published researches, these prove that they are experts. Another example would be, Journal of the American Medical Association, they have writers who have doctorate degrees in science and medical field. They also have their own website, and they also have research paper, charts, and statistics to prove they are experts in this field. If the source doesn t have citations or references to the work, it cannot be scholarly because this means the source have not been peer-reviewed, so references/citations are important to scholarly source. d. This article has a total number of eleven pages, five of them are sources, five of them are references, and a copyright page. Scholarly sources tend to be at least ten pages long because it includes detailed information and references. Sometimes it might contain charts, tables, or pictures to prove the facts. e. This article does have formal language, which is the most appropriate language to use for scholarly articles. The authors

Poetry Essay, the Road Not Taken - 869 Words

The Road Not Taken: Poetry Essay COURSE AND TITLE: ENGL 102: Literature and Composition SEMESTER OF ENROLLMENT: NAME: WRITING STYLE USED: MLA . Thesis statement: The symbolic setting, title, content and metrical devices support the poem’s (The Road Not Taken by Robert Frost) overall meaning. Outline: Title â€Å"Poetry Essay† I. Introduction A. The influence of decision making process in human life. B. The problem faced by the speaker in the poem. II. Body A. Theme B. Symbolic setting C. Significance of the title D. Rhyme scheme and metrical devices III. Conclusion A. The lyrical elements of the poem B. All the†¦show more content†¦For instance, the two roads which are diverging into the woods are symbolic of choices in life. The term ‘yellow woods’, is symbolic of autumn season and nature’s readiness to accept a new season. The speaker’s initial indecisiveness is symbolic of human nature, not to take apt decision at critical situations. Both the roads are similar and this is symbolic of the difficulty faced by human beings in life. The grass, morning, etc are symbolic of early stages in human life, in which decision making is so important. Besides, the morning is symbolic of new beginning in life or the chance to take an apt decision in life. So, the setting is symbolic because it represents human life and the importance of free will in life. Significance of the title: ‘The Road Not Taken’, the title of the poem can be interpreted in different ways. For instance, the title can be referred to the first or the second road in the poem. To be specific, the road in the poem can be the road which is used by the other travelers. On the other side, the road in the poem can be the road which the speaker chooses. In the poem, the speaker’s decision is to choose the road that was not taken (chosen) by the other travelers. At the same time, when the speaker chooses the second road, the first road can be termed as the road not taken. Besides, both the roads are similar and the speaker chose theShow MoreRelatedThe Road Not Taken by Robert Frost , Poetry Explication Essay1058 Words   |  5 PagesThe poem The Road Not Taken by Robert Frost addresses the idea of decision-making and choosing what direction life will take you. The poem is about the speaker arriving at a fork in the road, where both paths are carpeted with leaves. The pe rsona, who is believed to be Frost himself, chooses to take the road less traveled by. He tells himself that he will take the other road another day, although he knows it is unlikely that he will have the opportunity to do so. The poem concludes with theRead More Critique of Robert Frost Essays928 Words   |  4 Pages In a sense, his poetry is about nature, yet with strong underlying tones of the drama of man in nature. Frost himself stated, â€Å"I guess I’m not a nature poet,† â€Å" I have only written two without a human being in them (138).† Marion Montgomery’s critical essay plays with the epitaph that Frost proposes for himself in The Lesson for Today: â€Å"I have a lovers quarrel with the world.† Montgomery says, that the lovers quarrel is Frost’s poetic subject, and states, â€Å"throughout his poetry there is evidenceRead MoreRobert Frost And Modern Poetry1245 Words   |  5 Pageswriting style of modern day poetry a bit, bu t few have done so much as Robert Frost has in the ways of influencing today’s poetry. A man widely renowned and respected in America, Frost used his shockingly modern writing style to help pave a path for the poems of the future. By analyzing this great poet, one can only hope to discover the true, raw meaning of the written words that have had a lasting impact on the views and, more importantly, on the world of poetry. This essay will explain how RobertRead MoreRoad Not Taken752 Words   |  4 PagesPoetry Essay ENGL 102: Literature and Composition MLA Thesis Statement: Every adult faces the challenge of a life-altering decision. In â€Å"The Road Not Taken† by Robert Frost there are many metrical devices used to portray the poet’s major theme of decision making. Outline for â€Å"The Road Not Taken† I. Introduction A. Influence of decision making B. Problem faced by the character II. Body A. Theme of decision making B. Setting (1) Why is this symbolic? C. Title Read MoreRobert Frost - The Road Not Taken773 Words   |  4 PagesEnglish 102 Poetry Essay We all will hit a point in our lives where we have to make some decisions, some more than others, and Robert Frost alludes to this in a relatable way in his poem â€Å"The Road Not Taken†. Frost uses some great images to describe the situation the narrator is in. He also lets you visualize the thoughts and actions that the narrator is making. There are so many ways you can tell what Frost is saying in this poem by taking a close look into his many uses of symbolism. FrostsRead MoreModern F. Robert Frost1547 Words   |  7 PagesJean-Francois Lyotard â€Å"designate[s]† this name and movement to â€Å"any science †¦ legitimat[ing] itself †¦ [by] making an explicit appeal to some grand narrative† (xxiii). It is thus to the disgust of postmodernists to find Robert Frost’s name, poems and poetry listed with such a narrow-minded, self-aggrandizing, so-called sophisticated group (like T.S. Eliot, Ezra Pound and Amy Lowell) since Frost was not a poet who believed science and language—nor the source of science and language—to be singular, butRead MoreRobert Frosts Stay against Confusion766 Words   |  3 Pagesreferences and information given. Robert Frost is an iconic poet in American literature today, and is seen as one of the most well known, popular, or respected twentieth century American poets. In his lifetime, Frost received four Pulitzer Prizes for Poetry, and the Congressional Gold Medal. However, Robert Frost’s life was not always full of fame and wealth; he had a very difficult life from the very beginning. At age 11, his father died of tuberculosis; fifteen years later, his mother died of cancerRead MoreCompare Essay Aquainted with the Night and A Road Not Taken1543 Words   |  7 PagesENG-102 27 February 2012 The poems that I have decided to write about are, â€Å"Acquaint With The Night†, and â€Å"A Road Not Taken†, by Robert Frost. Frost was exposed to literature from an early age both of his parents were teachers. He started writing at the age of fifteen; he admired writers such as William Shakespeare, Robert Buras, and William Wordsworth. (Spencer and Chris) I believe that Frost wrote â€Å"Acquaint With The Night† because it was during a time of depression just after the stock marketRead MoreHow the Quotations and Poems Demonstrate the Main Themes or Ideas of the Film Dead Poets Society1610 Words   |  7 Pagesfullest. It also demonstrates the value of friendship, which is dealt with in the film as loyalty, betrayal, forgiveness, and love. Dead Poets Society also shows the significance of poetry and how it expresses many emotions frequently experienced by people. Mr. Keating informs the boys that poetry helps people understand themselves, feel alive, and appreciate life. Another message in the film involves making the right decisions, learning from selections one makes, and theRead MoreAn Analysis of Robert Frosts The Road Not Taken1800 Words   |  7 Pagesï » ¿The Road Not Taken Robert Frost Introduction Robert Frost is one of the best known poets in American history, and his poem, The Road Not Taken is among the most well-known of all his poems. Frost places a great deal of emphasis on nature in his writing, as he was a lover of the countryside. He based many of his poems on the New England scenery, which was his home for most of his life. I chose this particular poem because I have enjoyed the readings we have done so far of his work and The Road

Explore the Evaluating internationalization theory of Johanson and Vahlne Free Essays

string(70) " involves may dimensions it is accepted by many companies these days\." Introduction The term Internationalization is significant for the firms, but the knowledge of the companies which are new in this global market is quite limited. Now days we all listen and read a lot of things about Internationalization and globalization, but what these terms exactly mean‘‘Internationalization is basically planning and implementing the products or services in other countries according to local habits and choice, and it is quickly changing economic landscape, with growing supply of science and technology. (Kim, Daekwan, journal of international marketing, 2010)This essay is to determine acceleration of internationalization and how it affects organization, Economy, and customers, also identify and analyse factors that attracts company towards internationalization, based on incremental and knowledge based internationalization process (by Johanson and vahlne 1977) In economical terms expansion of business in international market is called as Internationalization, but there is no particular definition for it, it is very important for a company to understand the pattern of Internationalization, where the Internationalization comes after ‘‘stage approach in which company starts selling their products in home countries’’ and once settled in the market expands in different countries. We will write a custom essay sample on Explore the Evaluating internationalization theory of Johanson and Vahlne or any similar topic only for you Order Now (Elgar, Edward (2003). Learning in the Internationalisation Process of Firm) According to Uppsala Internationalization Model, by Johanson and vahlne,â€Å"Enterprise gradually increases its international involvement†, which means the company that plans to expand internationally first enters in neighboring countries, where the political systems, culture and language is not very different, known as ‘‘psychic distance’’. Once company gains knowledge and experience to work in different country then it can gradually approach new market, according to this view, we get two different types knowledge one objective and other experience based, company initially starts with occasional export and then once settled in the market gradually enters in regular exports, Johanson and vahlne, consider the experience based knowledge to be more relevant, they says that ‘‘to built and understand commitments it is important to discover and make opportunities by involving other companies in their business’’. A firm process li ke ‘‘rings in the water’’ it is not only that firm settles business in home country but it expands in other countries steps by step. This stage model it identify four stages which are taken by a company for internationalization, 1. A company do not prefer regular export; 2.this export is done through an agent, 3.believes in offshore productions, 4. The offshore sales are not very important. Since many years companies are committing themselves to internationalization, even though it give easy availability of labour and growth in market and other opportunities, it is not a very easy process. When any country expands in other than their home country they need to understand the national as well as commercial culture, company must understand the reason of the cultural barriers (if any).this stage model theory can help company to gain vital information and resources. Joint venture also comes under Internationalization in some cases, as many big companies when enters new country it is been observed that they prefers to start in joint venture, for example. Walmart being world’s largest retail industry opened their first international store in Mexico in joint venture with Cifra, and they implemented this strategy in UK starting in joint venture with ASDA both these companies were the best retailers in their respective countries, and for almost every new country they started, this was the main strategy. Another example is, Finnish SME’S (small and medium enterprises). Study shows that some companies in Finland apply Uppsala internationalization model by first starting business in Sweden and then expanding in other countries, which helped them to expand smooth and steadily . So before internationalization a company needs to understand company’s world wide which can help them for further expansion. Keeping all these factors in mind I feel that the stage model theory by Johanson and Vahlne, can help a company to understand every aspect of internationalization, and before taking any step further, company will get time to think over their decisions which will prevent firm from facing any huge loss. Even though Uppsala internationalization theory by Johanson and Vahlne (stage model) do not cause any loss for any firm, it is being applied in some companies and also been avoided by some. It is said that this stage approach seems to be very parsimonious, and it has also been challenged and criticized about the data being limited to Scandinavian market. It was also questioned about theoretical validity about stage model and it claims that the theory has unnecessary repetition of the same statement and focus only on market knowledge, (Andersen 1993). There are also some studies which contradicts stage model, as many companies which do not follow stage model for internationalization, and their profit is much quicker than explained and expected by stage model. According to study of ‘‘OECD 1997 (Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development)’’ the stage model was unable to explain different pattern use for internationalization or the early international expansion of the companies which is also known as ‘‘born global’’ (That is when company expands internationally from the beginning and do not follow any steps), ( FRONTIERS OF E-BUSINESS RESEARCH 2004). These particularly argue and appose incremental internationalization. The study of 87 US states shows that a company prefer to take risk than applying stage model, these ‘born global’ firms are most of the time technology based, and rises questions on stage model. It has not been proved that a company must have market knowledge to be successful internationally; concept of psychic distance was also accused as it is observer that many companies go for the risk where they can increase number of foreign market and gain profit. As we know, With time views and demands changes, and same applies with stage model theory, even though it is not harmful for any organization to expand or to take any decisions in steps, but now a days this theory is not considered to be a best way of expansion, though internationalization is considered to be complex and involves may dimensions it is accepted by many companies these days. You read "Explore the Evaluating internationalization theory of Johanson and Vahlne" in category "Essay examples" There are many reasons for company to go international, the basic reason is growth or expansion, but companies also expand internationally for alternative source of employees, resources, ideas etc. Born global companies are â€Å"a business organization that, from inception, seeks to derive signi?cant competitive advantage from the use of resources and the sale of outputs in multiple countries† (Oviatt McDou- gall, 1994, p. 49). This born global concept was carried out in 1997, data was collected for some medium size Danish firms and the study proved that these born global firms had maximum foreign sale which was around 70%. Today Company seeks internationalization or rather to be born global more than before, ‘‘it is due to the fast growing economic integration and independency of countries worldwide’’. There are many companies that began their business with the traditional approach but now they follow born global strategies in business. For example Nokia which is a communication corporation (mobile manufacturer) is Finland based company but serves worldwide, with annual revenue more than $42 billion from their international market, and $2 billion, do not apply stage model theory and is one of the loved brand in India. Emirates airlines which is one of the latest airlines in middle east, this airline operates one of the worlds non-stop commercial flights, a very good example of a company which totally implements born global strategy. Emirate airline has a very attractive business model, which is a key factor for company’s international growth. with great emphasis on quality company has also moved into resorts and tourism space, as 2004 it was one of the highest profits earning company. (Gang, yu. 1997 operation research in the airline industry) Australian export manufacturer small and medium size firms are on the top list of the born global companies, they have proved that it is not impossible to succeed internationally without an established domestic base. These companies didn’t achieve their success in steps but they are born global. Their growth rate is growing 25percent throughout five years. There are many examples in favour of born global concept, but some companies still believe in stage model due to some financial losses faced by them in internationalization, for example Starbucks as they closed 200 shops in US due to loss. Even though we have entered a stage where there is very less cross border trade barriers and due to transportation and telecommunication it is not very convenient to go global. With all of this information discussed above, we understand that internationalization is a long and demanding process, which needs management and resources to be successful in market. A company needs to be totally committed towards their resources as the degree of commitment is higher the more resources are expected and if not then there will be a risk of shut down, there has to be a different business model to understand international market. In born global concept there may occur some cross culture issues, language barriers especially for small firms. Being born global a firm needs to consider, huge financial back up, which is not practically possible for a small firm, and franchising may result in less control and there is always risk about maintaining quality. (Branding capability of technology born globa l, 27th June 2010) There are advantages and some disadvantages in the theories, Johanson and Vahlne (stage model) and born global concept. according to stage model theory a company should expand step by step, which will help company to understand the market conditions, cultural differences, and then expand in countries which are physically not very far,(geographically near). Which sounds fare enough, because any company whether it is small, medium or huge in size do not want to face any loss. On other hand with rapid growth in internationalization every company is trying to be global. Some of them are born global firms, where firm starts business internationally from beginning or within two years, without any practical knowledge about the market. This may or may not lead to success. Conclusion: From the above discussion about internationalization which is been discussed in two parts, Johanson and Vahlne (stage model) and born global concept with reference to many journals ,I understand that accelerating economy, technology, information, manufacturing process ,and global competition are forcing companies for internationalization and is considered to be one of the most important factor to grow in industry. Considering both stage model and born global model can built a good foundation for a company. Application of stage model will give knowledge about the market, time to understand the culture, company can learn from their competitor’s mistakes, foreign business drawbacks and opportunities can be gained by other firms experience, it is very important especially for a small firm because it is been observer that when a small firm enters global market it faces more loss than any profit. As being a global company it involves huge amount of investment. Since it takes time to gain knowledge about international business environment it will be a slow n steady process but on other hand where new market conditions demands fast growth and quick internationalization, if a company want to star as born global, it needs to study all these points which affects growth of business. If a company starts analysing market conditions before entering global market it can prevent them from facing cultural, technological and overall issues which can affect sale. So combining both the theories together in a convenient way for every individual company, keeping market knowledge, history, demands, environment, culture, language in mind a company can built a strong foundation even in international market. I strongly believe that if conditions of knowledge and experience specified in Uppsala model is considered before being born global company can be at the top in international market. References: Ruey,J. And Kim,b. (2010), Drivers and Performance Outcomes of Relationship Learning for Suppliers in Cross-Border Customer–Supplier Relationships, journal of international marketing, Vol. 18 Issue 1, (pg.63-85) Kalev, K. (2010). Understanding accelerated internationalization, integrating theories for analysis for internationalization path. Economics Management,(pg 556-561) Caniana,D. Internationalization of the firm: stage approach vs. global approach Gianpaolo Baronchelli, PH.d. in Marketing for Business Strategy,University of Bergamo, Faculty of Economics, Department of Business Administration.Bergamo,ITALY Internationalization Strategies of Emerging Markets Firms, California Management Reviewz2010, Vol. 53 Issue 1, p114-135, 22p, Johanson Wiedersheim-Paul (1975), Johanson Vahlne (1977). Learning in the internationalization process of firms (2009) (pg. 261). Luostarinen (1979) Learning in the internationalization process of firms (p. 261) http://books.google.com/books?id=e_gkLdF1ocwCprintsec=frontcover#PPA260,M1 Retrieved 2009-03-21. Bhowmick, S. (2004) Towards Understanding Small Firm Internationalisation –Technology Based SME Focus, frontiers of e-business research. Westhead, P. Wright, M. Ucbasaran.D. And Martin, F. International Market Selection Strategies of Manufacturing and Services Firms, institute for Enterprise and Innovation, Nottingham University Business School, Rasmussen,E.S.(2001) Asia pacific journal of marketing and logistics The founding of the Born Global company in Denmark and Australia: sense making and networking Vol. 13 Issue: 3, (pg.75 107) Gang, yu. 1997 operation research in the airline industry. Rennie,M.W. (nov. 1993) born global, http://www.mckinseyquarterly.com Dr.Thomas,J. (JULY 24,2010) how Starbucks Downsizing in the USA Impacts Global Growth Strategy.BUSINESS 401-INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS Laine, A. A Process model of internationalization –new times demands new pattern Department of Management and Organization, Swedish School of Economics and Business Administration Altshuler.L, (27th June 2010). Branding capability of technology, born global journal of Brand Management (2010) volume 18, (pg212–227). Baronchelli,G. (2004) Toward a Typology of Commitment States Among Managers of Born-Global Firms, Strategic Approach to Internationalization, Journal of International Marketing Vol. 12, (pg. 57–81) Holtbrugge, D. and En?linger, B. Evolution of global management knowledge, Initiating Forces and Success Factors of Born Global Firms volume 5. Jan,J. And vahlne, J, E. The internationalization process of the firm. International Executive, Winter78, Vol. 20 Issue 1,(pg 19-21) McNaughton, R.B. (2003) Business relationship learning and commitments in the internationalization process, Journal of international entrepreneurship 1. (Pg 83-101) Zook, M. and Graham,m. (2006). â€Å"Wal-Mart Nation: Mapping the Reach of a Retail Colossus† In Brunn, Stanley D. Wal-Mart World: The World’s Biggest Corporation in the Global Economy Routledge. (pp. 15–25) Bilkey, W. J. and Nes, E. (1982), â€Å"Country-Of-Origin Effects On Product Evaluations†, Journal of International Business Studies, Spring/Summer, Vol. 13, No. 1, (pp. 89-99.) How to cite Explore the Evaluating internationalization theory of Johanson and Vahlne, Essay examples

Clinicians Recognition and Management †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Clinicians Recognition and Management. Answer: Introduction: In case of health and social care, communication plays the key role. It is the key duty of the nurses is to take of the patients. Self- awareness is important in case of patient care. After identifying the self- awareness, the nurses will be able to understand their responsibilities. Self- awareness refers to the consciousness of the nurses (Delmatoff and Lazarus 2015). For the effective communication, the nurses need to have self- awareness. After recognize the self- awareness, the nurses will be able to find out their strengths and weakness. Identification of the strengths and weakness can help the nurses to take care of the patients in better way. The nurses can use the self- awareness technique to the therapeutic effect while working with the patients (Azimi et al. 2017). For example, the nurses can help the patients while advocating or empathizing. In case of health and social care, the professionals need to be self- aware, as it is compulsory. The self- awareness comprises the three aspects, which are interrelated. The aspects are affective, behavioral, and cognitive. In the assignment, the discussion focuses on the usage of the self- awareness while communicating with the service users in the health care setting. There are two types of communication skills such as verbal and non- verbal. The factors, which can affect the communication is discussed. The importance of the self- awareness is discussed. The self- awareness has an impact on the patient care that is discussed as well. The assignment explores concepts of the self- awareness. This helps to describe the benefits of the self- awareness on the personal and professional growth. Self- awareness is addressed as the fundamental for professional nurse with accepted view. In case of health and social care, self- awareness leads to the great competence (Truong, Paradies and Priest 2014). It is necessary to understand historical evolution of concept attributes, consequences, and antecedents. Self- awareness is the dynamic and transformative process of the self. The self- awareness helps to use of the self- insight. This helps to guide the behavior, which is genuine as well as authentic. This helps to create the healing interpersonal environment. The concept of self- awareness will explore the usage and development of the contemporary nursing practices. This concept identifies personal benefits as the self- aware practitioner. Moreover, the self- awareness has the benefits on the practitioners. The aspects of the self- awareness help the nurses to describe the thinking, acting, and feeling of the patients. For example, some of the acting can influence the patients. Therefore, the patient may feel discomfort. Hence, in such situation, the nurse needs to communicate with the patient properly to relax his discomfort. On the other hand, Sans et al. (2015) stated that the nurse might feel uneasy in handling a particular patient. This can affect negatively the patients. The self- awareness can help the nurse in such case. The nurse can contact with the doctor or other care providers and patient group to handle the situation. The nurse may feel nervous and emotional, which needs to be controlled to overcome the situation (Klein 2015). According to (), the self- aware people are capable in managing their emotions as well as the feelings. The emotion and critical cannot overwhelm the self- aware people. Therefore, the nurses need to be self- aware to manage the stress (Barbosa et al. 2013). This is accompanied by the compartmentalizing and detachment the patient care. If the nurses are not self- aware, they cannot control the patient care rather they will be emotionally unable. Almost et al. (2016) mentioned that self- awareness does not ask the nurses to reduce their emotion but helps to control the emotion and use it in proper place. The nurse needs to have patience while working with a patient, who needs incentive care or therapeutic care. The nurses need to have the proper knowledge of therapeutic care that will help them in taking care of the patients. For taking care of a dying patient, the nurses need to develop proper coping skills to support the patient and the family members (Martin et al. 2015). The emoti on of the nurse influences the condition of the patient. The process of gaining self- awareness is a long time process. The nurses can face various challenges to gain the self- awareness, which needs to be overcome for the wellbeing of the patients. The nurses may feel vulnerability in the working environment due to lack of self- awareness. Due to lack of the self- awareness, the nurses may face problems to communicate with the patients (Loprinzi 2015). The lack of communication can hamper the relationship of the patients with the nurses. Communication is of two types that are verbal communication and non- verbal communication. In both cases, the nurses need to be careful so that the emotion and feelings of the patients are not hurt. The body language of the nurse needs to be clear and understanding. The nurse should not use jargon while communicating with the patients, which can confuse the patient to respond. However, Stonehouse (2015) mentioned that verbal communication is of different types that are talking, screaming and shouting. On the other hand, Wilson (2014) stated that non- verbal communication is made by sing the hands and gesture. In such case, the body language plays significant role. The non- verbal communication involves the gesture, facial expression, use of signs, body language, and writing communication. The nurse, who have less self- awareness and self- confidence are unable to communicate properly with the patients. In case of handling the vulnerable patients, the nurses need to be more conscious at the time of communication. The nurses need to explore their skills and understanding to develop the patient- nurse relationship. Communication in the health and social care is the art that the nurse needs to know. The nurse should motivate the patient to overcome the problems by their communication skills. In such context, Boellinghaus, Jones and Hutton (2014) opined that the nurses can follow the Maslows theory to develop the condition of the patient. The way of communication reflects the needs of the individual as the communication process include the social, emotional, physical, and intellectual needs. The communication process needs particular thinking processes as it needs the intellectual abilities in developing the communication themes (Konstantinidis et al. 2014). To meet the emotional needs, it is necessary to communicate properly. The tone of voice can influence the patients. The patients can feel comfortable with the nurse or it can feel fear to communicate with the nurse. The nurse needs to pay attention to the vulnerable patients that need the special care (Leslie et al. 2014). It is the duty of the nurse to communicate with the patient and his family members politely and effectively. While communicating with the vulnerable patients, the nurses need to use proper non- verbal communication skills that include the body language and use of sign language. The nurse can use proper communication skills then when they will be self- aware. Self- awareness can be gained via the practice and training. The nurses who are not completely self- aware, needs the training and grooming. T his is the only way, in which the nurses can achieve the self- awareness. Pinel and Bosson (2013) argued that to achieve the self- awareness, the nurses should provide their efforts otherwise they cannot be able to gain the self- awareness. Moreover, the self- awareness includes the self- care such as hand hygiene, patient hygiene, and patience. To deal with the improper interpersonal skills, the nurses need to be followed some steps, which they can learn in the training session. The training session can include various steps to improve the communication skills and self- awareness (Delmatoff and Lazarus 2015). Various factors affect the communication skills and self- awareness in the health and social care system. This can include the use of jargons. Other barriers can be the emotional barriers, lack of attention, distraction, lack of interest, difficulty in understanding (Truong, Paradies and Priest 2014). The main gap of the communication is the language barrier. If the nurse and patient belong to the different language, it can create barrier to build the patient- nurse relationship. The patient may use jargon, which the nurse cannot understand or the vise- versa. Therefore, in such case, the care home center can appoint the interpreter. Otherwise, the nurse can use proper body language to understand the perspective of the nurse (Sans et al. 2015). Other barrier in the effective communication is the psychological barrier. In such case, the stress management plays the important role, which can affect the interpersonal relationship. People with low self- awareness and low self- esteem are less assertive. Those people feel uncomfortable to communicate with other and misinterpret the comment of others (Klein 2015). For example, people who have hearing problem cannot understand the comment of others properly and therefore, misunderstanding can occur. As a result, the miscommunication can occur. Systematic barriers can be another barrier of the miscommunication. The technological problems can misinterpret the communication process that can affect the self- awareness (Loprinzi 2015). To deal with the improper interpersonal skills, the nurses need to be followed some steps, which they can learn in the training session. The training session can include various steps to improve the communication skills and self- awareness (Boellinghaus, Jones and Hutton 2014). In case of effective communication, active listening skills play a significant role. Listening in the fundamental way help to build the wellbeing of lifestyle and improve the quality of relationship. In such case, the nurse needs to listen the problems of the patient actively. This will help them to build a strong bonding with the patient. The poor listening skill can lead to the poor understanding and therefore, the conflict can occur in between the nurse- client relationship. As a result, the patient caring system can hamper (Konstantinidis et al. 2015). Self- aware people are capable in managing their emotions as well as the feelings. The emotion and critical cannot overwhelm the self- aware people. Therefo re, the nurses need to be self- aware to manage the stress. The way of communication reflects the needs of the individual as the communication process include the social, emotional, physical, and intellectual needs. The nurses need to have the proper knowledge of therapeutic care that will help them in taking care of the patients. The process of gaining self- awareness is a long time process. The nurses can face various challenges to gain the self- awareness, which needs to be overcome for the wellbeing of the patients. To deal with the improper interpersonal skills, the nurses need to be followed some steps, which they can learn in the training session. The training session can include various steps to improve the communication skills and self- awareness. This will help them to build a strong bonding with the patient. As a result, the patient caring system can hamper (van Mol et al. 2015). Self- aware people are capable in managing their emotions as well as the feelings. Therefore, to gain the self- awareness, the nurse needs to be the good listener at first. In such case, the training can help the nurse. Moreover, the nurse can practice meditation, which will help to gain the self- awareness. Moreover, the nurse needs to be aware its own communication skill. The nurse needs to respect others emotion, feelings, beliefs, values, judgments, and assumptions. The nurse needs to provide its own effort to build an effective relationship. The self- aware people are always good listener, which provides strength to them. To be an active listener, the nurse needs to learn the process of deep listening skills. In such case, the self- awareness plays the major role. In case of health and social care, communication plays the key role. It is the key duty of the nurses is to take of the patients. Self- awareness is important in case of patient care. After identifying the self- awareness, the nurses will be able to understand their responsibilities. Self- awareness refers to the consciousness of the nurses. After recognize the self- awareness, the nurses will be able to find out their strengths and weakness. The self- awareness helps to use of the self- insight. This helps to guide the behavior, which is genuine as well as authentic. This helps to create the healing interpersonal environment. This can affect negatively the patients. The self- awareness can help the nurse in such case. The nurse can contact with the doctor or other care providers and patient group to handle the situation (Al-Mandhari et al. 2016). The self- awareness is related with the empathy, beliefs, faith and culture as well as inner thoughts. The communication process needs to be free of biasness, stereotypes, and prejudices. Self- awareness is related with the psychological and symbolic interaction theory. These theories help to build sense of the words that is necessary for an effective communication. Self awareness helps to build a strong personality and self- concept. The communication should not hurt the emotion of others that can be harmful for a patient. The nurse needs to communicate properly with the family members of the patients (Ham et al. 2013). The improper behavior of the nurse can hamper the relationship of the patient and nurse. This can affect the reputation of the health and social care centers. Therefore, the health and social care centers can help the nurse to be self- aware. Based on the above discussion, it can be said that Self- awareness is important in case of patient care. For the effective communication, the nurses need to have self- awareness. Identification of the strengths and weakness can help the nurses to take care of the patients in better way. In case of health and social care, the professionals need to be self- aware, as it is compulsory. Self- awareness is addressed as the fundamental for professional nurse with accepted view. Self- awareness is the dynamic and transformative process of the self. The self- awareness helps to use of the self- insight. This concept identifies personal benefits as the self- aware practitioner. Moreover, the self- awareness has the benefits on the practitioners. The nurse can contact with the doctor or other care providers and patient group to handle the situation. The nurses need to be self- aware to manage the stress. The nurses need to have the proper knowledge of therapeutic care that will help them in ta king care of the patients. The emotion of the nurse influences the condition of the patient. Due to lack of the self- awareness, the nurses may face problems to communicate with the patients. The nurses who are not completely self- aware, needs the training and grooming. Various factors affect the communication skills and self- awareness in the health and social care system. In such case, the nurse needs to listen the problems of the patient actively. This will help them to build a strong bonding with the patient. References Al-Mandhari, A., Al-Zakwani, I., Al-Adawi, S., Al-Barwani, S. and Jeyaseelan, L., 2016. Awareness and implementation of nine World Health Organizations patient safety solutions among three groups of healthcare workers in Oman.BMC health services research,16(1), p.533. Almost, J., Wolff, A.C., Stewart?Pyne, A., McCormick, L.G., Strachan, D. and D'souza, C., 2016. Managing and mitigating conflict in healthcare teams: an integrative review.Journal of advanced nursing. Azimi, I., Anzanpour, A., Rahmani, A.M., Liljeberg, P. and Tenhunen, H., 2017. Self-aware early warning score system for iot-based personalized healthcare. IneHealth 360(pp. 49-55). Springer International Publishing. Barbosa, P., Raymond, G., Zlotnick, C., Wilk, J., Toomey III, R. and Mitchell III, J., 2013. Mindfulness-based stress reduction training is associated with greater empathy and reduced anxiety for graduate healthcare students.Education for health,26(1), p.9. Boellinghaus, I., Jones, F.W. and Hutton, J., 2014. The role of mindfulness and loving-kindness meditation in cultivating self-compassion and other-focused concern in health care professionals.Mindfulness,5(2), pp.129-138. Delmatoff, J. and Lazarus, I.R., 2015. The most effective leadership style for the new landscape of healthcare.Journal of Healthcare Management,59(4), pp.245-249. Ham, T.E., Bonnelle, V., Hellyer, P., Jilka, S., Robertson, I.H., Leech, R. and Sharp, D.J., 2013. The neural basis of impaired self-awareness after traumatic brain injury.Brain, p.awt350. Klein, L., 2015. Spiritual Care for Healthcare Professionals: Reflecting On Clinical Practice, by T. Gordon, E. Kelly, D. Mitchell.Reflective Practice: Formation and Supervision in Ministry,1. Konstantinidis, E.I., Bamparopoulos, G., Billis, A. and Bamidis, P.D., 2015. Internet of things for an age-friendly healthcare. InMIE(pp. 587-591). Leslie, M., Paradis, E., Gropper, M.A., Reeves, S. and Kitto, S., 2014. Applying ethnography to the study of context in healthcare quality and safety.BMJ quality safety,23(2), pp.99-105. Loprinzi, P.D., 2015. Factors influencing the disconnect between self-perceived health status and actual health profile: implications for improving self-awareness of health status.Preventive medicine,73, pp.37-39. Martin, E.B., Mazzola, N.M., Brandano, J., Luff, D., Zurakowski, D. and Meyer, E.C., 2015. Clinicians recognition and management of emotions during difficult healthcare conversations.Patient education and counseling,98(10), pp.1248-1254. Pinel, E.C. and Bosson, J.K., 2013. Turning our attention to stigma: An objective self-awareness analysis of stigma and its consequences.Basic and Applied Social Psychology,35(1), pp.55-63. Sans, N., Galiana, L., Oliver, A., Pascual, A., Sinclair, S. and Benito, E., 2015. Palliative care professionals' inner life: exploring the relationships among awareness, self-care, and compassion satisfaction and fatigue, burnout, and coping with death.Journal of pain and symptom management,50(2), pp.200-207. Stonehouse, D., 2015. Self-awareness and the support worker.British Journal of Healthcare Assistants,9(10), pp.479-481. Truong, M., Paradies, Y. and Priest, N., 2014. Interventions to improve cultural competency in healthcare: a systematic review of reviews.BMC health services research,14(1), p.99. van Mol, M.M., Kompanje, E.J., Benoit, D.D., Bakker, J. and Nijkamp, M.D., 2015. The prevalence of compassion fatigue and burnout among healthcare professionals in intensive care units: a systematic review.PLoS One,10(8), p.e0136955. Wilson, J., 2014. The Knowledge and use of Emotional Intelligence by Registered Nurses and healthcare support workers in an Acute Hospital setting.

The novel without lies. Cynics. My age, my youth Review Essay Example

The novel without lies. Cynics. My age, my youth Review Paper Essay on The novel without lies. Cynics. My age, my youth I just can not write about this book no other way almost forgot passkazat today I changed you. The snow outside the window ppodolzhaet fall and the fire in the stove to click their opehi We will write a custom essay sample on The novel without lies. Cynics. My age, my youth Review specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on The novel without lies. Cynics. My age, my youth Review specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on The novel without lies. Cynics. My age, my youth Review specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Olga jumped up from his chair -.. What is it, Volodya From the stove tumbled small golden ember. For some reason, I could not manage ppoglotit saliva. Goplo became narrower pepelomivsheysya straw -.. Hichego I took papiposu. Zakupit wanted, but subintrusive tris match broke down, and at the fourth-rebounded sepnaya head. Coal, fell out of the oven, ppozheg papket -. Olga, can I have one pop.posit trifle -? Of course . She deftly podobpala ember Ppimite, please bath Olga smiled:. Of course . This is not a novel about love Its a terrible story about the life of the country during the revolution, during the struggle for Soviet bright future. Where his brother is the enemy, where the beloved becomes Baba, where former neighbors take away your house for firewood ,, where even the word mother to become a dead letter .. The magnificent novel Cynics the peak of creativity Mariengof, nothing like it not write anything better and it is not necessary In these few pages, he cynically and ruthlessly crush all that is dear and sacred to every man trample elegant, intelligent and very easily, without any strain, extra romance, unnecessary emotions. .. and it is from this run goose bumps, chills and blood river shed tears, from that no tear tear all the strings of the soul Ive finished reading. And For some reason I could not get ppoglotit saliva. Goplo became narrower pepelomivsheysya straw. .

Merck’s research Essays

Merck’s research Essays Merck’s research Essay Merck’s research Essay Merck’s research and development of its Crixivan is considered a breakthrough in the treatment of HIV positive patients. Merck and Co. Inc. although behind by quite a significant time frame with Abbot and Roche in terms of marketing its product, has been well applauded for having been able to develop a proven more efficient counterpart. The product’s unexpected fast FDA approval should have been of great benefit to Merck since it can already make Crixivan available in the market far earlier than they have expected. However the early approval of the product for market distribution posed a huge problem to the company because of the fact that they actually did run out of time in preparing the additional manufacturing plant needed to produce the product. The situation therefore is that since the product has been published as a breakthrough in the market of HIV treatment drugs, the public had expected its availability in the market the soonest possibl e. In short, there has been the demand that Merck cannot possibly supply since it lacked enough manufacturing facilities enough to satisfy such demand.Merck actually has the edge in some aspects. First, Crixivan has been proven, as had been approved by FDA, to be more effective in treating HIV patients over its competitors Abbot (Invirase) and Roche (Norvir) indicating a 44% efficiency in its clinical trials (p.81). Moreover its 86% efficiency rate in combination with AZT and 3TC is undoubtedly an edge besides the fact that it was proven more potent than Invirase and with lesser side effects compared to Norvir (p.82). Second is that its pricing strategy is far cheaper than the competitors. As described, Crixivan is 24% cheaper than Invirase and 33% less than Norvir (p.85). Third is that Crixivan has an assured market since HIV patients in 1996 already rose to 3.1 million aside from the potential users-those 22.6 million people HIV patients are living with and a considerably high rat e of children who are also HIV positive (p.82).What was just being sad about it is that Merck was not able to draft a sound forecast of its manufacturing facilities and the time required to prepare them. Sound forecast should not only include the possible demand for the product but should also include the sound logistics skills in forecasting whether such demand could possibly be supplied with the available stocks. For Merck, it has the demand but unfortunately, it does not have the supply enough to satisfy it. What went wrong was the tight time frame provided or budgeted by Merck in producing Crixivan. Initially this aspect could be justified since the product was approved six months earlier than expected which means that they really would be expected to be behind about the same time span. Besides, Merck had already taken the risk of expanding its manufacturing plant to accommodate the production of Crixivan two months before the Phase III approval of its clinical trial (p.81).An o bjective analysis of Merck’s efforts to produce Crixivan would lead one to conclude that it has done its part on matters of product quality. Primarily Merck chose to produce the product on its own manufacturing plant and discarded the idea of outsourcing. It actually did a sound decision on that part since it already had previous bad experience of product quality in its previously outsourced products. Another thing is that it did not take rush procedures in the manufacturing or Crixivan but instead carefully stick to the standard 15 steps procedure.I can see that the problem therefore is on its inability to make additional investments in human resources and materials in order to finish the expansion of the manufacturing plant as soon as possible. At least there was not mention of this facts in the cases mentioned. If it cannot rush steps on producing the Crixivan, it can rush on finishing the plant itself. Should it take Merck to invest a considerable amount for it, it should have taken the risk since it had already established market and in fact has demands coming in that it cannot already satisfy.Outsourcing can still be an option though. I believe that it is possible to make arrangements with the outsourced agent to make the product using their facilities but the supervision of the whole process would be done by Merck. This way, although more expensive on human resources to supervise the process in another plant, it could have been a great help for Merck in the sense that this can bridge the shortage in demand while its own manufacturing plant is still on construction.Relative to Merck’s humanitarian mission, I believe that Merck actually had been very considerate with its Support program and including the integration of the indigents in its services. It should have been actually rewarded by the government and those AIDS activists for its free counseling services for the uninsured patients and the free supply of Crixivan to the indigents and t he clinical trial participants. While it is true that pharmaceutical companies like Merck are gaining huge income compared with those in the other industries, I believe that Merck has done its social responsibilities well enough. Besides these services, Merck also ensured the public and FDA that it closely monitors the patients using the product as agreed to ensure that they would not be at risk of developing a resistant strain of HIV.In my opinion, Merck got short of choosing limited channels of distribution for Crixivan. While its purpose was to regulate the demand for the product and to ensure its proper application in the treatment process, it should have considered other channels besides Stadtlanders. One reason is that Stadtlanders has been charging too much, as the public sees it, on Crixivan. Even if this could be justified by the quality of services it provides with the clients, still Crixivan carries Merck’s name, not Stadtlanders.I believe that Merck has other opti ons besides Crixivan that could also offer almost the same quality of services. One option could have been a bidding of possible counterparts in order to lessen the cost of the services and the product itself. Thus Crixivan could be more affordable with more patients. Although legally, it has no control over the pricing of the product after being endorsed with distributors, Merck still has the choice of making exclusive agreement with its distributor as part of the pre-bidding agreement. Of course, those who would be willing to take Merck’s terms and conditions would bid. This would also provide Merck with the opportunity to lessen the cost of investment in human resources.One more thing Merck could have failed to use is the media. Since it is media that made Crixivan famous and in demand, it should have taken the opportunity to publish the necessary guidelines in administration of Crixivan so that the public would not be accusing them of neglect. Merck however justified this failure on grounds that FDA’s approval of the said literature was delayed. Still it would be helpful still to make bits of instructions even in print media to inform the public. It could have been an additional cost but it would be worthy of counteracting negative publicity on the Crixivan and Merck. Â  Such would have lessened its cost on human resources who are assigned to take care of the free services it offers via phone calls. Advertisements are one time investments while the salaries of the additional employees would continue until Merck would be finally through with its expansion project. Besides this, it has to pay for employee benefits.If am to handle the administrative aspect of the case, I would have to choose to limit the counseling services on uninsured patients. These services could already be transferred to the distribution channels like Stadtlanders or others that Merck have chosen. As had been mentioned earlier, the distribution process could have been done by bidding of service providers invited by Merck after consideration of their quality services offered. Besides it was mentioned in the case that Stadtlanders is having 37% mark-up on Crixivian with the justification of its counseling and monitoring services.Merck in general actually had done its social obligations by the services it provided with the general public. The low price of Crixivan, the integration of the indigents in the support program and the continuing monitoring services it provides are enough reasons for one to conclude that Merck lived on its mission statements. What went wrong was its failure to make accurate forecasts in the production of the product and its inability to consider other competent distribution channels. Merck also failed to make sound decisions on where to place its additional investment it was willing to make. To make this clear, Merck invested on human resources for monitoring and counseling services when this amount could have been more properl y appropriated in human resources in the construction of the plant expansion project. Its cost on human resources can also be strategically reduced if it had its counseling and monitoring services passed to distribution channels because the latter offer the same services.Merck has no control over the fast and unexpected approval of its product by the FDA but it can control other variables involved in marketing its product. I would insist that Merck should have taken into consideration the outsourcing idea with just an additional supervising team. This could have hastened its production and have lessened the damage it caused due to shortage of supply. There is great money waiting for Merck because of its advantage over its competitors. But the system in the healthcare industry has standards as with other industries. One’s failure to market the product in strategic channels would result to an edge by competitors regardless of price and quality. In the case of Merck, Crixivan an d its competitors are highly in demand because of the outbreak of AIDS. It was an opportunity Merck have seen but taken short of preparing for the right steps to get through the market.

Research Paper Thesis Statementannotated bibliographyoutline Essay

Research Paper Thesis Statementannotated bibliographyoutline - Essay Example Health cannot be overlooked for the passion of fashion. It's precious. Remember, you live only once, so make the best use of it. Did it occur to you that slightly plumb women are equally attractive, if not better Everyone has a right to opinion. Let imitations be imitations, a part of the 23 billion a year entertainment. 3.0 Annotated Bibliography 1. Anna Nicole Smith's final adieu! http://www.fibre2fashion.com/news/fashion-news/newsdetails.aspxnews_id=30498... 2007 Anna Nicole Smith passed away at Seminole Hard Rock Hotel and Casino located in Hollywood recently. Though the news came as a shock, further investigation was shrouded with mystery. Nothing was said to be the reason for her untimely death. 2. Life & Style, Models 'unhappier' than most women, www.smh.com.au/news/fashion/models-unhappier-than-most-women/2007/02/13/1171128961370.html There is no doubt that models enjoy their time on the catwalk, but later find themselves stacked against a whole lot of adversities including, poorer mental health, lower life satisfaction and psychological fulfilment. It's never easy to be in the limelight all the time. Despite being icons of beauty, these glamour queens felt less satisfied and more isolated than their peers working in ordinary office jobs. 3. Melissa Dittmann, APA Online, monitor on psychology, Plastic surgery: Beauty or Beast 2005, www.apa.org/monitor/sep05/surgery.html Plastic surgery has blossomed over the years with more and more people looking to improve their body image. There has been talk of the positives of plastic surgery among patients. However, a research publication in the April 2004 issue of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery (Vol. 113, No. 4, pages 1,229-1,237), found several predictors of poor outcomes,...Hard work and self-sacrifice are eminent. There are no shortcuts to fame and the sacrifice can be devastating to say the least. Anna Nicole Smith passed away at Seminole Hard Rock Hotel and Casino located in Hollywood recently. Though the news came as a shock, further investigation was shrouded with mystery. Nothing was said to be the reason for her untimely death. There is no doubt that models enjoy their time on the catwalk, but later find themselves stacked against a whole lot of adversities including, poorer mental health, lower life satisfaction and psychological fulfilment. It's never easy to be in the limelight all the time. Despite being icons of beauty, these glamour queens felt less satisfied and more isolated than their peers working in ordinary office jobs. Plastic surgery has blossomed over the years with more and more people looking to improve their body image. There has been talk of the positives of plastic surgery among patients. However, a research publication in the April 2004 issue of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery (Vol. 113, No. 4, pages 1,229-1,237), found several predictors of poor outcomes, especially for those with unrealistic expectations or have a history of depression and anxiety.

China Dissertation Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 8250 words

China - Dissertation Example The existing business firms also face certain legal, financial, socio economic, political, and technological obstacles due to increased globalization. Despite of these drawbacks Globalization has helped the developing countries of the world through increased opportunities of foreign investments and opening the domestic markets to the global environment. The fourth largest country of the world after USA, Russia, and Canada with a population of 1.3 billion is China in the year 2010. By the year 2015 the population of the country has been expected to reach a value of 1.375 billion on an approximate basis. The unemployment rate of the country has also been in a trend of decreasing with increasing participation of the country in the international market. The unemployment rate decreased from 4.65 percent in the year 2009 to 4.1 percent in the year 2010 with the expected value for 2011 to further decrease to a value of 4 percent and also expected to remain at that level till the year 2015 a s per the predictions of the economists of the country. The country has boundaries with 34 other countries of the continent. Russia, India, Pakistan, and six central Asian countries are the close neighboring countries. China remains a leading civilization outstanding the other countries in Arts, Science, culture etc for the recent years. The single party controlled political state of China with a central planned system of administration experienced a market-oriented approach of development after 1978 and since then output and the pace of the country’s development quadrupled. The economy of the People’s Republic of China has been expanding rapidly making the economy of the country a huge one. There has been a miraculous growth of the country’s economy for over the last 30 years with an average growth of above 8 percent of the gross domestic product of the country each year. Participation of the country in the international organizations of the world drastically i mproved the living standards of the countrymen however many families are still below the standards with the increasing reach of the country to the global market. During this period of 8 percent growth of the country’s GDP the economy of the country experienced more than ten times growth. In the year 2007 the value of the total Gross Domestic Product of the country reached a level of about 3.42 trillion in US dollars. China has been famous in the international community with the increasing contribution in the international trade and with the phenomenal economic growth of the country. In the year, 2010 China has been the largest exporter in the world trade. The double-digit growth rate of the economy in the last 10 years has made it the second largest in terms of the Gross Domestic Product of the country just after the United States of America. The country went ahead of Japan in the year 2001 with its economic development. The economic downturn of 2009 for the first time reduce d the demand for the country’s exports in many years but the country again hold back the economy rebounding quickly with a GDP growth rate of 10% in 2010 exceeding all countries. (The world fact book, 2010; Huang, 2002; The Chinese economy, n.d) Research Hypothesis The economic growth of the country of China has been mainly because of the liberalization of the countr

Science Empiricism Rationalism

Science Empiricism Rationalism The term social science is a misnomer which masks the necessarily different epistemic methods and ontological realities consistent with natural and social realms respectively. Critically appraise this claim In this essay I intend to dispute the notion that the term social science is a misnomer. Firstly, I will define social science, and then focus on the differences between rationalism and empiricism without whose existence there would be no epistemology. Empiricism will receive more attention due to the fact that that it has become the dominant epistemic approach, systematically and rigorously expressed through its offspring, ie ,materialism, sensism, positivism and naturalism. Second, I intend to allow ontological realities to manifest themselves through Kants articulation as both an empiricist and a rationalist. This will dispel uninteresting dichotomies and allow one to stand back, as it were, from ones own analysis of the topic. EPISTEMIC APPROACHES WITHIN THE NATURAL AND SOCIAL SCIENCES:Rationalism and Empiricism. According to Marshall social science is a general label applied to the study of society and human relationships†¦The designation of an area of study as a social science usually carries the implication that it is comparable in many ways to a natural science (1994 :493). The implication here is that natural and social reality can be studied in the same way because both realities consist of relationships between facts, eg, cause and effect. Note should be taken of the fact that rationalists and empiricists, despite their different approaches in their quest for knowledge, have both contributed immensely to the birth of different academic disciplines to which even modern day intellectuals subscribe. More interesting is that each of the two epistemic approaches claims their method of enquiry gives birth to valid information or certainty. According to Hamlyn rationalism ,whose founder is Descartes is an epistemological doctrine that puts weight on reason or understanding, as distinct from the senses or sense perception(1987:134).On the other hand empiricists believe the only source of knowledge is experience. John Locke held the view that the scope of our knowledge is limited to, and by, our experience(Stumpf,1983:254). RATIONALISM (i)Descartes: This philosophical movement was initiated by Descartes and carried on with varying degrees of thoroughness by Spinoza and Leibniz†¦(Hamlyn, 1987:134). A rationalist relies on logic and principles of reasonableness in order to arrive at a conclusion. One would clarify this by giving an example popularized by Rene Descartes that it is only in relation to thinking that I am certain that I exist(Hamlyn,1987:138).Descartes continues to maintain that existence must be a property of a being who is conceived of as possessing all attributes in perfection (Hamlyn,1987:141).Kant opposed this view citing experience was not a property of a thing in the way that Descartes supposes. Leibniz went further by maintaining that existence depends on whether that conception is coherent or involves a contradiction(Hamlyn,1987:140).One can partly agree with Descartes view that existence is a property of a being, but to say that its creator is perfect is a product of human imagination. Perfection, by th e way, remains an imaginary construct when taking into account the context in which Descartes states his case. For example, in order for one to be declared perfect, one has to adhere to the standard guidelines which should be followed in order to create a particular thing or use a previous model as a yardstick or even improve on it. It is ones belief that rationalism has not been a dominant epistemic approach. Kant and Locke, for example, have imbibed both epistemic approaches. To take it further most modern day individuals employ both approaches in their daily activities. (ii)Spinoza There was also another rationalist called Spinoza in whose views rationalism received its most systematic and rigorous expression. His main work was called ethics. According to Stumpf ethics is concerned with actions that can be labeled right or wrong, good or bad, desirable or undesirable, worthy or unworthy. Also, ethics, is concerned with ones personal responsibility, duty, or obligation for his behaviour(1983:1)His concern with ethics should be understood in its proper context in that both the means and goals of social science investigation are intrinsically bound up with ethical considerations, especially when conducting research involving human subjects, eg., protection of privacy through informed consent. According to Hamlyn Spinoza provides †¦a striking contrast with Descartes ,who had little concern with things ethical(1987:149).Spinoza felt that there are three kinds of knowledge, ie, knowledge of vague experience- when we generalize from casual and confused experience. The second kind is identified with reason, and the third one is intuition(Hamlyn,1987:152).The second and third kinds of knowledge reflect a rationalist view in that they are necessarily true, and reason regards things as necessary (iii)Leibniz According to Stumpf Leibniz was dissatisfied with the way Descartes and Spinoza had described the nature of substance because he felt they had distorted our understanding of human nature(1983:246).Spinoza defines substance as that which is in itself: I mean that the conception of which does not depend on the conception of another thing from which it must be formed(Stumpf,1983:241).Leibniz on the other hand takes it that substance as a basic form of existence must be absolutely simple ,for if it were complex it would be secondary to whatever it is composed of (Hamlyn,1987:159).This means that Leibniz and Spinoza somehow agree that substance should not depend on anything other that itself to exist. But one would argue that their view has defied logic in that every entity or substance is an offspring or a product of a particular thing. It is interesting that Leibniz, despite being a rationalist, sought empirical evidence to defend his principle that no two substances can differ solo numero (Hamlyn, 1987:162-163). He pointed to considerations that tree leaves are all different, and subscribed to similar evidence which was assessed through the newly invented microscope. EMPIRICISM According to Comte, empiricism is an epistemological doctrine that all knowledge proper must be subject to canons of verification in terms of experience(Hamlyn,1987:275). Marshall (1994:149) defines empiricism as a term often used, loosely, to describe an orientation to research which emphasizes the collection of facts and observations, at the expense of conceptual reflection and theoretical enquiry. This implies that knowledge must undergo rigorous interrogation so as to be sure that it has not defied science. Empiricism presents itself in four ways: Materialism, sensism, positivism, and naturalism. (i)Materialism: According to Marshall materialism means a range of metaphysical positions (philosophical views about the fundamental nature of reality)†¦Whereas in classical times matter had been opposed to form, the dominant early modern contrast was between matter and spirit or mind(1994:315).Thinking of societies in terms of physical or material properties may be called materialism. We must also explain nature in terms of materialism. (ii)Sensism According to Knight all materialists are of course sensists†¦Locke as one the empiricists, derives all simple ideas from external experience (sensations), all compound ideas modes, substances) from internal experience (reflection) (1999:1-see bibl.12 ).One can argue that sensism is problematic in that perceptions and judgements may differ with different individuals, leading to incessant speculation. (iii)Positivism The acknowledged founder of positivism was the French philosopher and social scientist Auguste Comte. He also came up with the invention of the term Sociology.In the context of positivism, positive facts are things that can be observed or measured. Positivists argue that only that which can be observed and measured can be studied†¦(Le Roux et al,1986:174).This means that positivists regard grounding as very important in positive facts. An example would be Durkheims statement that there is a relationship between social integration and suicide(Haralambos,1980:496).This is real in that integration of people from various backgrounds, with different cultures can cause tension , alienation and personality disorganization According to Keat and Urry several conventionalist philosophers of science have been influenced by the later writings of Wittgenstein, and realist philosophy of science has partly been developed from the standpoint of scientific realism, a position which is opposed both to logical positivism and also to the movement of analytical philosophy inspired by Wittgenstein, Ryle and Austin(1980:6).It must be understood that although the realist and the positivist share amongst others a conception of science as an empirically-based, rational and objective enterprise, there is an important difference between explanation and prediction. Keat and Urry say that, for the realist, a scientific theory is a description of structures and mechanisms which causally generate the observable phenomena, a description which enables us to explain them(1980:5) It is worth mentioning how these varying accounts of positivism and realism expose knowledge as an elusive concept. After ones acceptance of positivism as irrefutable conception of the natural science, realism demands that we discover the necessary connections between phenomena, by deconstructing the observable phenomena. According to Keat and Urry†¦we must get beyond the mere appearances of things, to their natures and essences(1980:5).In a nutshell one can say that we have to peel away layers of constructed meaning to reveal the underlying layers of meaning that were suppressed or assumed in order for the phenomenon to take its actual form. Focus will be on three empiricists: (i)John Locke:(1632-1704) According to Hamlyn, the purpose of Locke is to enquire into the original, certainty, and extent of human knowledge, together with the grounds and degrees of belief, opinion and assent, without meddling with the physical consideration of the mind(1987:168-169).This implies that he is concerned with the limits of human understanding and one is bound to believe that Locke does not want any kind of social construct to be attached to this process, so as to give it independence. According to Kenny, Locke is forever talking about ideas(1994:129).This is evident in his first book entitled Of Innate Notions which contains a sharp attack on the notion of innate ideas. Hamlyn says Locke is concerned with two things: (i)whether there is innate knowledge of principles; and (ii)whether what he sometimes calls the materials of that knowledge; the ideas on which the knowledge is based, are innate. That distinction between knowledge and ideas affects the whole Essay(1987:169).One might assume that Lockes preoccupation or obsession with ideas was prompted by his intellectual rival, Descartes, who according to Kenny wrote that an infant in its mothers womb has in itself the ideas of God, itself, and all truths which are said to be self-evident, it has these ideas no less than adults have when they are not paying attention to them, and it does not acquire them afterwards when it grows up(1994:128). One can argue that innate ideas do exist, and they mature with time because exposure to externalities. The outside world will decide on their validity. Marshall says that Peter Berger and Thomas Luckman, in The Social Construction Of Reality(1966), view social processes as a dialectic of externalization and internalization(1994:167).According to Stumpf, Lockess fellow empiricists Bacon and Hobbes had urged that knowledge should be built upon observation (1983:254).This means that knowledge should be a product of scientific enquiry. Locke discarded the notion that we all came here with a standard stock of ideas built into the mind(Stumpf,1983:257).He said the origin of his ideas is experience, and experience takes two forms, sensation and reflection. What he elucidated was that we cannot have the experience of reflection (mind taking note of its operations) until we have had the experience of the sensation (ideas). (ii)George Berkeley: (1685-1752) Berkeley was influenced by Locke although according to Kenny, his importance in philosophy is largely as a critic of Locke(1994:140).His principal criticisms focus on three heads: the notion of abstract general ideas, the distinction between primary and secondary qualities, and the concept of material substance(1994:140).Because of Berkeleys criticism, Lockes empiricism is reduced into a unique form of idealism. 1.ABSTRACT IDEAS Lockes view that words represent ideas and general words correspond to abstract general ideas has come under attack from Berkeley. Locke says in his Essay, that according to the representational theory, a general idea is a particular idea which has been made general by being made for all of a kind, in the way in which a geometry teacher draws a particular triangle to represent all triangles(Kenny,1994:140).There is also what Kenny calls the eliminative theory, according to whom the general idea is a particular idea which contains only what is common to all particulars of the same kind. Berkeley is interested in how Locke combines features of the two theories. According to Kenny, Berkeley says it takes pains and skill to form the general idea of a triangle-for it must be neither oblique nor rectangle, neither equilateral, equicrural nor scalenon, but all and none of these at once(1994:140).One can say that eliminative theory and representational theory are two sides of the same coin in that in eliminative theory, the idea becomes a general idea when the unwanted group is eliminated. With regard to the representational theory, an idea becomes a general idea when all subscribe to it. Kenny accuses both Locke and Berkeley of using the word idea to mean to mean indifferently a sense-experience, an image, a secondary quality, or a concept(1994:140). IDEAS AND QUALITIES We must move from the premise that one of Berkeleys views is that distance is not something immediately perceived but something constructed from certain orderly relations of the ideas of different senses in the mind. According to Shand, the equating of ideas with sensible things, which thereby makes sensible things mind-dependent, eliminates each of the following forms of skepticism produced by materialism and Cartesianism(1993:132): (a)The existence of sensible things. The problem is solved because the skeptic cannot drive a wedge between ideas if the objects of sense are ideas. (b)The nature of sensible things. Science aspires only to map the regular correlations between ideas ,that is between phenomena. (c)The existence and nature of God. The problem is eliminated by making God indispensable. Gods existence is seen as the real cause of those ideas that are not caused by our imaginations and as the sustainer of those ideas we do not actually perceive, the supposition that God does not exist is refuted by almost every experience we have. (d)How matter and spirit can interact. This problem is eliminated by denying the existence of material substance; then the problem of interaction between spirit and matter simply does not arise(1993:132-133) The implication here is that Berkeley believes that anything that can be sensed actually exists. THE CONCEPT OF MATERIAL SUBSTANCE (i) One should also note that Berkeley is an opponent of materialism. According to Shand, Berkeley it is impossible for matter to have only primary qualities such as extension, solidity, movement. He believes that we cannot conceive of a shape which is no colour, and therefore the conception of matter required for materialism is impossible. He instead suggests that all matter should have all secondary qualities, from which primary qualities cannot be separated (1993:133).One can assume that he is referring to qualities such as weight, sound, taste and identity. To say that every matter must be able to move is not accurately correct in that not all matter is a living organism; (ii) Berkeley says that what exists has got to be a product of something. In his own words he argues that it is a logical contradiction to talk of conceiving of a thing which exists unconceived (Shand,1993:133).But Shand sees this as a fallacious argument in that it is not possible for A to be conceived of, and at the same time both exist and be a thing unconceived, but that does not mean at some other time A could not exist as an unconceived-of A, thus there is nothing contradictory in A existing unthought about (1993;133).This means that A does not necessarily have to be thought about in order to exist. (iii) Berkeley argues that if secondary qualities (colour, taste, heat, sound, etc.) are ideas in the mind, as Locke does, then the same applies to primary qualities (shape, size, motion, solidity),for these two vary with the observer (Shand, 1993:133).Colour is arguably not an idea in the mind because one can see it. It is not clear whether, according to Berkeley, secondary qualities also include things that one cannot touch. (iv) This argument pertains to pain and heat. Berkeley holds the view that when we are close to the, heat is felt as pain in the mind, and when we are a distance away the heat is merely felt as warmth (Shand,1993:133-134).The argument here is that since the pain is not in the fire, then it must be in the mind. (v) Berkeley compares the notion of matter with what Locke has to say about substance in general. Locke suggests that substance is characterized by being the support of all qualities, the qualities cannot subsist alone. But Berkeley argues that an attempt to give substance a positive characterization is impossible, since to do so would attribute qualities to it. This would render substance a qualityless something. Although Berkeley sees this as a perfectly flawless argument, he believes that no materialist would suggest that matter is qualityless (Kenny,1994:134).This would mean that substance and qualities cannot exist in the absence of the other. DAVID HUME (1711-1776) He is said to have carried empiricism to its fullest expression. He believed the scientific method could lead us to a clear understanding of human nature and in particular the workings of the human mind(Stumpf, 1983:270-271).Some commentators find it difficult the precise position of Hume. The difference with Hume was that if we used the scientific method to determine truth, we must according to Stumpf, accept the limits of knowledge(1983:272).Probably he was expressing doubt about the efficacy of scientific enquiry in clarifying pertinent issues. According to Hamlyn, the doctrine that every simple idea is derived from simple impression is the center-point of Humes empiricism, and that it is crucial for his philosophy(1987:190).Both Hume and Locke opine that impressions are of sensation but disagree on reflection because Humes account seems different from Lockes. He (Hume) holds the view that impressions are distinguishable from ideas by their superior force and vivacity(Hamlyn,1987:190).This might be the case because of the complexity of impressions. Hamlyn sees this as a very important principle, and one which Hume inherited from Berkeley which is :one cannot distinguish between impressions and ideas by reference to anything outside them, only by internal properties such as their liveliness(1987:190).One can simplify this by making reference to pain. The only person who feels the pain is the one who is hurt and nobody else. One cannot for example, merely look at the husband and confirm that the wife is feeling pain , nor can the husband know how much pain is felt by the wife. NATURALISM According to Knight, naturalism consists essentially in looking upon nature as the one original and fundamental source of all that exists, and in attempting to explain everything in terms of nature(1999:1). What this means is that all events find their satisfactory experience within nature itself. There are two traditions that claim to understand the problem of naturalism. These are the naturalist and anti-naturalist traditions. The former claims that the sciences are (actually or ideally) unified with positivist principles. For the latter the subject matter of the social sciences consists essentially of meaningful objects, and their aim is the elucidation of the meaning of these objects(Bhaskar, 1979:241). A naturalist traditions association with positivist principles means that it relies on measurement and observation in order to study a phenomenon. The anti-naturalist tradition, one would argue, looks beyond observable phenomena by enquiring as to what the object is made of. Bhaskar argues that the two disputants ironically share a common error in accepting an essentially positivist account of natural science, or at least an empiricist ontology. One would argue that there is nothing wrong in adopting a positivist approach when interrogating natural science, because essentially positivism deals with things that can be observed and measured. It must be understood that there is a fundamental contrast between social and natural science. With regard to the latter the discovery of intelligible connections in its subject matter is not equally the goal of natural scientific explanation(Bhaskar,1979:2). Instead this applies to social science. It is argued that the recent developments in the philosophy of science permit a reconsideration of the problem of naturalism(Bhaskar, 1979:3). These could be the varying views brought about by the naturalists and anti-naturalists. For example, Winchs anti-naturalism depends on empiricist theories of existence and causality. Now Bhaskar argues that if science employs a causal criterion for ascribing reality and causal laws are tendencies, his contrast collapses(1979:3). This means that if causal laws apply to science, then it applies top both natural and social science, and more important is it has become a tendency; Bhaskar defines naturalism as the thesis that there is (or can be) an essential unity of method between the natural and social services. It has two species: reductionism which asserts that there is an actual identity of subject matter as well, and scientism, which denies that there are any significant differences in the methods appropriate to studying social and natural objects, whether or not they are actually (as in reductionism) identified (1979:3).What is noteworthy is that these factions of naturalism talk in universals almost to a point of denying an opposite view the right to existence. In a nutshell, science is just whatever scientists do, and it is expected of them to differ in the way they solicit knowledge. ONTOLOGICAL REALITIES Marshall defines ontology as anyway of understanding the world, or some part of it, must make assumptions(which may be implicit or explicit) about what kinds of things do or can exist in that domain, and what might be their conditions of existence, relations of dependency, and so on(1994:367).He goes on to say the core of the philosophical project of metaphysics is to provide an ontology of the world as a whole. One will note that by focusing on the world as a whole, there will be a systematic arrangement of the relations between the social and natural sciences. Focus will be on Kant because he is both an empiricist and rationalist. KANT We must move from the premise that Kant is both an empiricist and a rationalist, in that he tried to reconcile rationalism empiricism by arguing that while knowledge itself comes from experience, the mind uses reason to structure knowledge(Prof. McLeary, see bibliography-No.11).Kant is described as a person who was more interested in science than philosophy, with the aim of making it truly scientific(Kenny, 1994:167).This shows that he really is both an empiricist and a rationalist in that he felt philosophy should also undergo the same rigorous interrogation as other academic disciplines, including the natural sciences. According to Kenny the distinction between a priori and a posteriori is central to Kants undertaking. A priori knowledge which is independent of all experience†¦In addition to a priori knowledge there is also empirical knowledge, knowledge derived from experience which Kant calls knowledge a posteriori'(1994:167).With regard to a priori knowledge, one can cite space as an example because yet one knows it exists. A posteriori refers to things we have seen, or touched or even felt. According to Shand, knowledge for Kant, as for Leibniz, had to be necessary and universally valid(1993:161).We are tempted to believe that if information was not universally accepted as fact, then it would not be regarded as knowledge. Kenny says Kant regarded all of mathematics as belonging to this realm: arithmetic and geometry were synthetic, since they extended our knowledge widely beyond pure logic, and yet they were a priori, deriving not from experience but from intuition(1994:168).This is an interesting philosophical statement in that two contradictory phenomena are combined to produce something qualitatively new, independent of experience, an understanding of which does not require one to be taught or even think hard.coeb ebr seebebw oreb ebk ineb foeb eb! Kant says there are two pure forms of sensible intuition, serving as principles of a priori knowledge, namely space and time(1994:169).It must be noted that both time and space can never be touched. After having asked himself what time and space were, he then came up with the answers. He made a distinction between a metaphysical exposition of an a priori concept and a transcendental exposition. Marshall defines metaphysics as a philosophical project which devises theory of the nature or structure of reality, or of the whole world. Transcendentalism is the belief that God stands outside and independent of the universe of which he is a creator(1994:325538). Kant says that the metaphysical exposition of space and time tells us that space and time are presupposed by, not derived from, experience; that we can imagine space and time without objects, but not objects without space and time, and that there is a single space and a single time, infinite in each case(Kenny, 1994:169).We are bound to believe that objects would not exist if space was non-existent, and that they have time within which they can exist. The transcendental exposition of the concepts of space and time shows how we can know truths about space and time which are not analytic and yet are a priori(Kenny, 1994:169). The implication here is that we do not necessarily have to experience a thing in order to know that it exists. CONCLUSION It has become apparent that social enquirers happen to tamper with the supposed objective enquiry by allowing their personal values to feed into their conclusions. Accepting that matters of value are matters of fact, their values must be correct. The mushrooming of social study over the last 100 or 150 years was partly inspired by the notion that social study was a matter of searching for general laws(Pratt, 1978:72).General laws, one would argue, are rather required by the natural sciences. With regard to social science, a particular kind of human behaviour cannot always be attributed to a particular kind of a problem. Suicide, for example, is not seen by every person as a solution to marital problems. Also, capital punishment does not necessarily deter potential murderers. Within natural science it is usually possible to use rigorous investigative techniques by bringing the objects under study into the laboratory. It is not as easy with humans, because one has to get approval from eg, the individuals themselves or the ethics committee. In a nutshell, we cannot employ the methods of the natural sciences in understanding the social world. This is evident in Winchs statement that †¦whereas the scientist investigates the nature, causes and effects of particular real things and processes, the philosopher is concerned with the nature of reality as such and in general(Hindess,1977:3).The two methods are inextricably intertwined despite their different approaches in their quest for valid knowledge and ability to predict. To declare social science a misnomer is arguably inaccurate in that both epistemic and ontological enquiries are social products employed in pursuit of knowledge for the benefit of society. BIBLIOGRAPHY 1. Bhaskar, R. 1979. 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